Civ 6 Vietnam Strategy A Complete Guide

Civ 6 Vietnam technique, a complete information, unravels the secrets and techniques to victory within the historical world. From swift early-game useful resource acquisition to highly effective mid-game enlargement, and the last word late-game domination, this information unveils the whole playbook for mastering the Vietnamese civilization. We’ll discover distinctive unit and constructing methods, efficient diplomacy, and strategic map and terrain evaluation, offering an entire understanding of the Vietnamese playstyle.

Put together to overcome the world, one flip at a time!

This in-depth evaluation of the Vietnamese civilization in Civilization 6 offers an in depth roadmap for achievement. We’ll delve into every stage of the sport, providing actionable insights and methods that will help you dominate. From early useful resource administration to late-game dominance, we’ll cowl all of it, equipping you with the data to excel within the recreation. Uncover the secrets and techniques to unlocking Vietnam’s potential, and put together for strategic brilliance!

Early Recreation Technique

Vietnam, in Civilization VI, presents a captivating early-game problem. Their distinctive means to rapidly amass sources and leverage their early-game items permits for a robust basis upon which to construct a strong empire. Understanding the nuances of their useful resource administration and potential threats is essential to success.

Useful resource Acquisition and Administration

Vietnam’s early recreation thrives on agricultural manufacturing and strategic useful resource gathering. Deal with establishing a number of, interconnected farm plots for boosted meals output, enabling the early development of essential buildings and items. This permits for quicker enlargement and inhabitants development. Concurrently, collect sources for infrastructure like mines, quarries, and lumber camps. Correctly putting these will enhance the output of your sources.

Environment friendly useful resource gathering units the stage for sustained financial development.

Maximizing Early-Recreation Benefits

Vietnam’s distinctive items, just like the expert and adaptable scouts, are very important for early-game enlargement and reconnaissance. Using them strategically to scout potential threats and safe favorable places on your settlements is essential. Mix this with an environment friendly manufacturing technique, specializing in constructing extra settlements, and gathering the required sources.

Countering Early Threats

Early-game threats usually contain aggressive civilizations just like the Mongols or the Persians. Anticipate these potential conflicts by setting up defensive constructions like partitions or fortifications round your settlements, guaranteeing your early-game enlargement is secure. Think about using your scout items strategically for reconnaissance and positioning your items to discourage potential attackers.

Financial Base Institution

Constructing a robust financial base includes environment friendly useful resource administration and shrewd commerce routes. Prioritize constructing marketplaces to maximise your commerce earnings. Commerce routes with neighboring civilizations, centered on very important sources like gold, can considerably bolster your economic system. This proactive strategy ensures you may have the sources wanted to take care of your inhabitants development and maintain your army improvement.

Examples of Profitable Early Recreation Methods

Quite a few gamers have efficiently utilized Vietnam’s early-game benefits. A typical technique includes quickly increasing into close by territories, establishing farmlands, and maximizing the output of your sources. This aggressive enlargement technique permits for early technological developments and army buildup.

Comparability of Early Recreation Useful resource Methods

Civilization	Strengths	Weaknesses	Timing
Vietnam	Excessive early-game agricultural manufacturing, environment friendly useful resource gathering, adaptable scouts	Restricted early-game army would possibly in comparison with some civilizations, susceptible to robust early-game attackers	Deal with quick enlargement, establishing a robust useful resource base
Persia	Robust early-game army, able to rapidly overwhelming opponents	Reliant on particular sources, susceptible to civilizations with robust early-game protection	Deal with army buildup, aggressive enlargement
France	Robust early-game army, able to rapidly overwhelming opponents	Reliant on particular sources, susceptible to civilizations with robust early-game protection	Deal with army buildup, aggressive enlargement
Mongols	Excessive early-game army would possibly, robust cavalry	Restricted early-game agricultural manufacturing, susceptible to civilizations with robust early-game protection	Deal with army buildup, aggressive enlargement

Mid-Recreation Enlargement and Energy Projection

Vietnam’s mid-game technique hinges on leveraging its distinctive strengths to realize a foothold and challenge affect successfully. An important ingredient is knowing the way to maximize the advantages of your early recreation decisions whereas adapting to the ever-shifting panorama of the mid-game. This section requires calculated expansions, environment friendly useful resource administration, and the strategic use of your cultural and army benefits.Cautious planning and adaptation are key to success.

The mid-game is about consolidating positive factors, projecting energy, and establishing a agency basis for later dominance. The main focus shifts from speedy enlargement to focused improvement and calculated risk-taking.

Increasing Territory and Affect

Vietnam’s distinctive skills, equivalent to the power to rapidly develop its inhabitants and achieve extra agricultural land, needs to be prioritized within the mid-game. This may be mixed with aggressive diplomacy and thoroughly thought-about alliances to quickly broaden your territory. Using your distinctive items and constructions in strategic places will guarantee environment friendly useful resource gathering and assist for army actions.

Contemplate rigorously the terrain and useful resource distribution, selecting to broaden into areas that provide a big benefit, both in useful resource manufacturing or strategic place.

Optimum Use of Vietnamese Models and Buildings

Vietnam’s distinctive items, just like the expert and agile guerilla fighters, excel in cellular warfare and might be extremely efficient in shock assaults. Make the most of these items along with your normal army items to achieve a big benefit in skirmishes. Contemplate constructing constructions that provide each financial and defensive advantages, strategically positioning them to maximise their impression. Early recreation selections concerning infrastructure straight impression mid-game enlargement and financial output.

Sustaining Financial Progress and Analysis Developments

Financial stability is paramount within the mid-game. This implies specializing in environment friendly useful resource administration, prioritizing manufacturing chains, and maximizing the output of your distinctive constructions. Prioritize analysis developments that straight improve your financial or army capabilities, fairly than spreading sources too thinly throughout quite a lot of fields. Balancing useful resource allocation between financial improvement and army preparedness is vital.

Selecting Allies or Sustaining Neutrality

The choice to ally or stay impartial hinges on a number of components. Contemplate the strengths and weaknesses of potential allies, their geographical location, and their present alliances. Sustaining neutrality is usually a viable choice if you’re content material with a slower enlargement however favor to keep away from potential conflicts with stronger civilizations. A robust understanding of the political panorama and cautious evaluation of potential positive factors and losses are essential for this resolution.

Leveraging Vietnamese Tradition and Distinctive Skills

Vietnamese tradition offers important benefits within the mid-game. Make the most of these bonuses to spice up your financial output, enhance your army energy, or enhance your diplomatic relations. A strategic use of those distinctive benefits will considerably enhance your probabilities of attaining dominance. By actively looking for methods to leverage your distinctive attributes, you achieve a definite benefit.

Mid-Recreation Unit Strengths and Weaknesses

Unit Kind	Assault	Protection	Motion	Strengths	Weaknesses
Guerrilla Fighter	Reasonable	Low	Excessive	Glorious in cellular warfare, ambush techniques	Weak in direct confrontation
Commonplace Infantry	Good	Reasonable	Reasonable	Dependable in close-quarters fight	Slower motion than Guerrilla Fighters
Different Models	(Adapt as wanted)	(Adapt as wanted)	(Adapt as wanted)	(Adapt as wanted)	(Adapt as wanted)

Observe: Values within the desk are relative and will fluctuate relying on particular eventualities and upgrades.

Late-Recreation Domination: Civ 6 Vietnam Technique

Vietnam’s late-game prowess lies in its means to leverage a potent mix of financial energy and army would possibly, mixed with the distinctive benefits of its tradition and skills. This stage of the sport calls for strategic foresight and meticulous planning, permitting you to capitalize in your benefits and outmaneuver opponents.The late recreation is the place the true check of a civilization’s mettle is revealed.

Gamers should adapt to evolving circumstances, using their sources successfully to realize victory. This necessitates understanding your distinctive strengths and weaknesses, and the way to maximize them. Vietnam, with its robust cultural and financial foundations, can obtain exceptional success if its distinctive facets are correctly utilized.

Navy Energy

Vietnam’s early and mid-game concentrate on financial development and tactical fight creates a stable basis for a strong late-game army. Sustained financial output permits for fixed troop manufacturing, whereas cautious consideration of unit composition ensures you can adapt to completely different battlefield eventualities. Using a various mixture of items, equivalent to robust ranged and melee fighters, provides you the pliability to counter enemy methods.

The aim is to take care of a formidable army presence whereas sustaining an efficient economic system.

Financial Prowess

Sustaining a robust economic system is paramount within the late recreation. Vietnam’s distinctive skills, equivalent to the power to construct extra districts with ease, coupled with efficient useful resource administration, guarantee sustainable manufacturing and improvement. This permits for speedy enlargement and the development of extra superior constructions, resulting in an excellent stronger economic system. Useful resource gathering is crucial, and Vietnam’s capability to successfully make the most of and handle these sources makes it a formidable power within the late recreation.

Cultural Benefits

Vietnam’s distinctive cultural skills, equivalent to these centered on particular manufacturing, present a aggressive edge within the late recreation. Leveraging these skills can considerably improve your financial output and permit for a swift transition right into a extra superior economic system. Combining cultural advantages together with your financial strengths offers a considerable benefit.

Comparative Manufacturing Methods

Civilization	Assets	Manufacturing	Unit Output
Vietnam	Excessive Agricultural output, expert labor power, environment friendly manufacturing in all sectors	Environment friendly use of sources to provide excessive quantity of products, enhanced by distinctive skills	Versatile army power with a balanced composition of ranged and melee items, able to adaptation and excessive output in numerous levels of the sport
Nice Britain	Robust naval and industrial capabilities, versatile sources	Environment friendly manufacturing via industrial buildings, important output in factories and naval items	Highly effective naval power and versatile military items, however might need a manufacturing bottleneck in early-mid recreation
China	Giant inhabitants and agricultural land, robust infrastructure	Giant manufacturing output from giant inhabitants and improved infrastructure	Giant military, however the stability of unit composition is likely to be much less versatile in comparison with Vietnam

Technological Developments, Civ 6 vietnam technique

Technological developments are vital for sustaining a aggressive edge. Researching and implementing new applied sciences offers important enhancements in army effectivity and financial output. The hot button is to stability analysis in varied fields, guaranteeing that your developments complement your present strengths and strategic objectives.

Cultural Victory

Cultural victory is usually a viable technique within the late recreation. Vietnam’s distinctive skills and concentrate on robust economic system and tradition make it a robust candidate for this technique. Deal with increasing your cultural affect by constructing related districts and guaranteeing your tradition is effectively represented throughout the map.

Particular Unit and Constructing Methods

Vietnam’s distinctive items and buildings supply a compelling mix of offensive and defensive capabilities. Mastering their intricacies can considerably bolster your army and financial energy, enabling you to outmaneuver opponents and safe victory. Understanding their strengths, weaknesses, and optimum deployment eventualities is essential to maximizing their impression on the battlefield.

Effectiveness of Distinctive Vietnamese Models

Vietnamese items, with their inherent strategic benefits, can reshape the tide of battle. Their distinctive skills, mixed with cautious positioning, usually show decisive in varied fight eventualities. For example, the expert use of the distinctive items can usually flip the tide of a seemingly misplaced engagement.

• The expert use of the distinctive items usually proves essential in varied fight eventualities, turning the tide of battle in favor of the Vietnamese forces.
• Their distinctive skills, mixed with strategic positioning, usually create a decisive benefit over opponents.
• In melee fight, the distinctive items excel with their means to resist and ship important harm.
• Their range-based assaults can show notably efficient towards foes in open fields or throughout lengthy distances.
• Adapting their methods based mostly on enemy compositions and strengths is important to optimize their effectiveness.

Optimum Use of Distinctive Vietnamese Buildings

Vietnam’s distinctive buildings present beneficial assist to army and financial development. By integrating them successfully into your metropolis plans, you’ll be able to unlock important benefits, resulting in enhanced general efficiency.

• Using distinctive buildings synergistically with different constructions and items can considerably amplify their effectiveness.
• Their distinctive manufacturing bonuses can speed up the speed of unit manufacturing and financial development.
• These constructions can act as highly effective defensive fortifications, offering a big barrier towards enemy assaults.
• The buildings might be deployed in strategic places to maximise their impression and defend essential areas.

Methods to Counter Particular Enemy Methods

A well-defined counterstrategy is paramount to victory. Understanding the way to counter particular enemy techniques is essential for successfully deploying Vietnamese items and buildings.

• Adapting methods to counteract particular enemy items and methods is crucial.
• Using counter-strategies lets you leverage Vietnamese strengths to neutralize enemy weaknesses.
• By understanding the enemy’s tendencies and patterns, you’ll be able to anticipate and mitigate potential threats.
• The hot button is to make the most of your distinctive items and buildings to disrupt enemy methods and exploit their vulnerabilities.

Vietnamese Distinctive Models and Their Attributes

This desk highlights the strengths, weaknesses, and optimum makes use of of Vietnam’s distinctive items throughout varied eventualities.

Unit	Strengths	Weaknesses	Optimum Use
Vanguard Warrior	Excessive melee harm, good protection	Low vary, susceptible to ranged assaults	Shut-quarters fight, defending key chokepoints
Sniper Marksman	Excessive ranged harm, accuracy	Low armor, susceptible to melee assaults	Selecting off enemy items from a distance, disrupting enemy formations
Jungle Scout	Glorious scouting, mobility	Low harm, susceptible to assaults	Gathering intelligence, flanking enemies

Methods Utilizing Vietnamese Buildings with Different Models

Combining Vietnamese buildings with different items creates a strong synergy. This part particulars the strategic use of those mixtures.

• Strategically putting buildings to assist unit manufacturing and deployment is crucial.
• By optimizing the position and utilization of those constructions, you’ll be able to improve your general army and financial output.
• Using these mixtures can bolster your offensive capabilities and defend towards enemy assaults.
• The hot button is to create a balanced and well-coordinated military, using each constructing and unit synergies.

Vietnamese Models in Siege Warfare

Vietnamese items might be successfully deployed in siege eventualities. This part particulars particular techniques and methods for using them.

• Siege warfare requires a tailor-made strategy, specializing in the strengths of your items.
• Deploying items to assist siege weaponry and defend siege employees is important.
• By strategically positioning items and coordinating assaults, you’ll be able to overwhelm enemy defenses.
• Using the buildings to supply assist on your items is essential in siege battles.

Diplomacy and Warfare

Vietnam, with its wealthy historical past of resilience and strategic acumen, can carve a path to victory in Civilization VI via a masterful mix of diplomacy and calculated warfare. Understanding the nuances of each is essential for achievement. The correct alliances, skillful negotiations, and a pointy eye for alternative can flip the tide in your favor.Efficient diplomatic methods are pivotal to Vietnam’s rise.

Forming robust alliances, sustaining optimistic relationships, and assuredly navigating the complexities of worldwide relations can yield important benefits. These methods aren’t nearly securing rapid positive factors; they lay the inspiration for long-term prosperity and dominance.

Efficient Diplomatic Methods

Vietnam’s historical past is replete with examples of profitable diplomatic maneuvering. Understanding the strengths and weaknesses of potential allies and adversaries is paramount. A shrewd diplomat acknowledges that alliances aren’t static entities however fairly dwelling, respiratory entities that require fixed nurturing.

• Domesticate robust relationships with civilizations that share related values or pursuits. Mutual respect and shared objectives foster enduring alliances. Contemplate the potential advantages of a robust relationship with a civilization that may present very important sources or strategic assist.
• Be cautious of alliances shaped solely for short-term achieve. Such alliances usually crumble underneath stress. Deal with partnerships constructed on mutual respect and long-term objectives. Search for allies that complement your strengths and might supply distinctive benefits.
• Make the most of commerce agreements to construct optimistic relationships. Barter for sources and applied sciences, and set up open channels of communication with potential allies.
• Make use of cultural change applications to foster understanding and respect. Such applications can soften tensions and create alternatives for collaboration.

Forming Alliances and Sustaining Relationships

Forming alliances is a necessary side of diplomacy. A robust alliance community offers entry to sources, army assist, and strategic benefits. Nevertheless, alliances require constant upkeep to make sure they continue to be efficient.

• Repeatedly talk with allies to handle issues and keep a transparent understanding of shared aims.
• Be ready to compromise to take care of the alliance. Flexibility and a willingness to seek out frequent floor are essential for constructing lasting partnerships.
• Perceive the motivations of your allies. By appreciating their wants and issues, you’ll be able to domesticate belief and strengthen the alliance.

Negotiating Peace Treaties and Avoiding Conflicts

Negotiating peace treaties is a vital talent in Civilization VI. It permits civilizations to keep away from expensive wars and concentrate on improvement. Nevertheless, negotiating successfully requires understanding the motivations of your opponents.

• Be ready to supply concessions to realize a positive final result.
• Know when to stroll away from negotiations if the phrases are unfavorable.
• Perceive the cultural and historic context of your opponent’s place. This perception will inform your negotiating technique.

Profitable Diplomatic Methods in Civ 6

Examples of profitable diplomatic methods in Civ 6 embody forming alliances with civilizations that share related pursuits, equivalent to these centered on cultural victory. These alliances usually lead to entry to sources and army assist, which might considerably support in attaining victory.

• The power to rapidly regulate your diplomatic technique based mostly on altering circumstances is important. Adaptability is essential for sustaining relationships and avoiding conflicts.
• Diplomacy shouldn’t be seen as a separate entity from warfare. It needs to be used as a software to reinforce your army capabilities and obtain victory.

Figuring out and Exploiting Weaknesses

Recognizing and exploiting weaknesses in different civilizations’ methods is crucial for attaining victory. This usually includes understanding their useful resource limitations, technological gaps, and army vulnerabilities.

• Analyze the strengths and weaknesses of every civilization to develop a tailor-made technique.
• Make the most of spies to assemble intelligence on the enemy’s capabilities and intentions.
• Search for alternatives to take advantage of financial vulnerabilities, technological limitations, and army weaknesses.

Reaching Victory By means of Warfare

Warfare in Civ VI is a posh enterprise. Success usually hinges on understanding your opponent’s strengths and weaknesses, and adapting your methods accordingly. Totally different civilizations have distinctive strengths, and a profitable technique must account for these.

• Creating a complete understanding of your enemy’s army capabilities is essential for crafting an efficient technique.
• Exploiting terrain benefits and army strengths can result in decisive victories.
• Contemplate the usage of flanking maneuvers and shock assaults to achieve a strategic benefit.

Potential Allies and Enemies

Civilization	Strengths	Weaknesses	Potential Methods
China	Robust economic system, highly effective items	Gradual early recreation, vulnerable to flanking	Kind an alliance, use their financial energy to assist your enlargement.
France	Robust naval energy, good tech	Weak early land items	Make the most of their naval capabilities for coastal enlargement and commerce routes.
Nice Britain	Robust naval energy, good early recreation	Weak to robust land armies	Use naval dominance for securing coastal areas and commerce routes.

Map and Terrain Evaluation

Vietnam’s success in Civilization VI hinges considerably on adapting its methods to the nuances of various map varieties and terrains. Understanding these variations permits for a extra nuanced strategy, maximizing strengths and mitigating weaknesses. A well-considered map evaluation will decide the best path to victory, whether or not it is via swift enlargement, strategic protection, or a calculated financial strategy.Vietnam, with its distinctive mix of jungle, mountains, and river valleys, thrives in particular terrain varieties.

Recognizing these preferences and the way to exploit them is essential to attaining victory. Understanding the enemy’s strengths and weaknesses in relation to the terrain is simply as necessary as figuring out your personal.

Adapting Methods to Totally different Map Varieties

Vietnam’s adaptable nature permits it to thrive in numerous map varieties. Coastal maps, for instance, might be utilized for early enlargement and naval energy projection, leveraging Vietnam’s entry to the seas. Mountainous maps present wonderful defensive alternatives, the place Vietnam’s guerilla-style items can excel. River-heavy maps can facilitate early entry to sources and strategic chokepoints, maximizing Vietnam’s financial prowess.

Particular Examples of Adapting Vietnam’s Strengths to Totally different Map Varieties

Mountainous maps are a pure fortress for Vietnam. Their distinctive items, just like the Viet Cong, are exceptionally efficient in mountainous terrain. This permits for robust defensive positions, and an efficient counter-offensive. Plains maps, alternatively, present alternatives for speedy enlargement and large-scale conflicts. The adaptability of Vietnam’s items to various terrains ensures it’s by no means really outmatched.

Leveraging Particular Terrain Options for Strategic Benefits

Jungle terrain considerably enhances Vietnam’s distinctive items. The dense foliage offers wonderful cowl, permitting for ambushes and hit-and-run techniques. Rivers supply pure defensive strains, making them a strategic asset for Vietnam’s armies. The Viet Cong’s means to maneuver silently via the jungle permits for flanking maneuvers.

Detailed Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Vietnam’s Distinctive Models in Numerous Terrains

Vietnam’s distinctive items, just like the Viet Cong, excel in jungle terrain, gaining important bonuses to their fight effectiveness. In mountains, in addition they present energy on account of their means to maneuver successfully in uneven terrain. On plains, their effectiveness is average, although they’ll nonetheless be a risk if used strategically. Their effectiveness is inversely proportional to the open area they’re utilized in.

Demonstrating Learn how to Use Terrain Options to Defend In opposition to Enemy Assaults

Using terrain options to defend towards enemy assaults is vital. For instance, positioning items behind hills or rivers can considerably scale back enemy harm. Utilizing the jungle’s cowl to hide items permits for shock assaults. These techniques can flip an obstacle into a bonus.

Desk Summarizing the Effectiveness of Vietnam’s Distinctive Models on Numerous Map Varieties and Terrains

Unit	Jungle	Mountains	Plains	Coast
Viet Cong	Glorious	Good	Reasonable	Reasonable
Vietnamese Infantry	Good	Good	Glorious	Good
Vietnamese Navy	Reasonable	Reasonable	Reasonable	Glorious

Useful resource Administration

Vietnam, with its wealthy historical past and numerous landscapes, presents distinctive challenges and alternatives in Civ 6. Mastering useful resource administration is essential for achievement, permitting you to gas your economic system, bolster your army, and finally obtain victory. Environment friendly useful resource gathering, balanced manufacturing, and adaptable methods are key elements to this very important side of gameplay.

Environment friendly Useful resource Gathering

A well-rounded useful resource technique is paramount. Understanding the varied useful resource varieties and their optimum acquisition strategies is crucial. This encompasses not simply gathering uncooked supplies, but in addition using accessible applied sciences and buildings to reinforce your yield. This additionally contains strategic placement of resource-producing buildings and items. Early recreation focuses on buying the fundamentals, whereas later levels necessitate a extra complicated and adaptable strategy.

Balancing Financial and Navy Progress

Sustaining a secure economic system whereas concurrently bolstering your army would possibly is a fragile dance. A technique that ignores both side is finally unsustainable. Cautious allocation of sources and considerate planning are important. Contemplate prioritizing important sources first.

Useful resource Acquisition and Utilization

Profitable useful resource administration hinges on the efficient acquisition and utilization of assorted sources. From meals to gold, understanding their respective roles is essential for prosperity. Early recreation focuses on meals to assist inhabitants development, whereas gold fuels expertise and constructing development. Later, strategic useful resource gathering turns into very important for sustaining a secure economic system and supporting army enlargement.

Profitable Useful resource Administration Methods

One profitable strategy includes maximizing meals manufacturing early to assist speedy inhabitants development. This permits for quicker technological development and constructing improvement. Concurrently, concentrate on gathering gold to put money into important upgrades. One other strategy prioritizes constructing manufacturing amenities and useful resource extraction to extend output. This can permit for a robust financial basis.

Profitable methods fluctuate based mostly on the precise recreation state of affairs.

Sustaining a Steady Financial system Whereas Increasing

Enlargement inevitably strains sources. A key ingredient in sustaining a secure economic system throughout enlargement is environment friendly useful resource administration. This contains establishing a transparent useful resource gathering technique that accounts for future enlargement. For instance, a well-thought-out system for allocating sources to new settlements is essential. A well-planned enlargement strategy, mixed with acceptable useful resource administration, can forestall useful resource shortages.

Vietnam’s Useful resource Wants, Manufacturing Capability, and Optimum Methods

Useful resource	Wants (Early Recreation)	Wants (Mid-Recreation)	Wants (Late Recreation)	Manufacturing Capability (Early Recreation)	Manufacturing Capability (Mid-Recreation)	Manufacturing Capability (Late Recreation)	Optimum Technique
Meals	Excessive	Excessive	Excessive	Low	Medium	Excessive	Prioritize early-game farms to assist inhabitants development.
Gold	Medium	Excessive	Very Excessive	Low	Medium	Excessive	Make the most of gold mines and commerce routes.
Manufacturing	Low	Medium	Excessive	Low	Medium	Excessive	Deal with manufacturing buildings for army items and upgrades.
Strategic Assets	Low	Medium	Very Excessive	Low	Medium	Excessive	Prioritize gathering wanted sources on your civilization’s distinctive upgrades.